The Information Environment During the Making of a Bob Dylan Album :: Media Recording Music

The Information Environment During the Making of a Bob Dylan AlbumIn analyzing any of Bob Dylans albums and lyrics, one might receive very powerful, timely, political and social messages from the artist. Perhaps it is the way in which he mildews or responds to his fans which allows him to always front a step ahead of the public. Take, for instance, his addition of electric instruments to his medicament in 1964 (Bob Dylan Desire - Ink Blot Magazine). Dylans single-valued function of these instruments, which are significative of the growing breeding environment of the time, outraged folk fans. Nevertheless, Dylan had merely created the most influential folk-rock ever recorded (Bob Dylan Desire). In essence, he moved forward from the mentality, in which a blown-up part of the public during the 1960s still remained, in order to be better able to speak to his fans. He simply tried a new designing for the purpose of making his music sound better and holding on to his listeners. At the same time, though, when bands such as the Beatles had followed Bobs lead by creating blues and psychadelic-influenced music, Dylan withdraw to his country forms (Bob Dylan Desire). In other words, he spoke to the modern world, by progressing with the new, electric instruments, while still reaching his older, perhaps more traditional fans, with his alternated use of country forms. He composes music about betrayal, paranoia, fear and desire, and influentially ties in larger issues of the time, such as racial consciousness. Dylans album entitled Desire is indicative of the artists sense of and connection to the world around him.Perhaps the most influential song on the album, and indeed one of Bobs most politically and socially meaning(prenominal) compositions, is Hurricane. The interesting chain of events which lead to the making of this song indicate the information society of the time, as well as Dylans contribution to his information culture and influence in the public. Rubin C arter, the former champion African-American boxer, would simply never have known to contact Dylan had he not first listened to his lyrics of oppression and class differences. Thus, Dylans music is a powerful form of communication, a kind which would give a man such as Carter a glimpse of hope and justice. Without Carters book, The Sixteenth cycle (Social Conscience Rubin Hurricane Carter), the song would never have been made, and a greater public knowledge of the Ruben Carter case would never have been reached.

Solving HealthCare’s eMail Security Problem Essay -- essays research p

Solving HealthCares eMail Security Problem bring upWhile healthcare organizations assimilate come to depend heavily on electronic dismount, they doso without a significant email security system infrastructure. smart Federal law and regulationplace new obligations on the organizations to either secure their email systems ordrastically restrict their use. This paper discusses email security in a healthcarecontext. The paper considers and recommends solutions to the healthcareorganizations problem in securing its mail. Because email encryption will soon be acategorical requirement for healthcare organizations, email encryption is discussed insome detail. The paper describes details and benefits of domain level encryption modeland considers how PKI is best deployed to harbor secure electronic mail.MotivationIt is a simple fact that the US healthcare industry has come to depend heavily onelectronic mail to support treatment, payment and general healthcare operations. Suchuse, thoug h, is something of a badly kept secret as most healthcare organizations haveexplicit constitution which either prohibits or seriously restricts the use of electronic mail forthe transmission of any patient identifiable health information. Historically, the industryhas deemed patient identifiable health information as deserving of special protection,since, by its very nature, much(prenominal) information is highly confidential. Accepting the inherentinsecurity of electronic mail, healthcare organizations have done little to developsecurity infrastructure supporting use of electronic mail for confidential communicationand instead adopted policies forbidding such use. It speaks to the utility of electronicmail, that even in spite of such policy, as much as 40% of all electronic mail emanatingfrom healthcare organizations contains health information. A very small percentage ofthis email is encrypted or otherwise protected to ensure its confidentiality andauthenticity.Federal law will prohibit future unbolted use of electronic mail for transmission ofhealth information. The Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996(a.k.a. Public Law 104-191 a.k.a. HIPAA) obligates healthcare organizations toimplement reasonable and divert technical safeguards to ensure that theconfidentiality and integrity of health information is preserved. While reasonable andappropriate i... ...tration, 45 CFR Part 142 -Health Insurance Reform Security and electronic Signature Standards FederalRegister Vol 63, No. 155 August 12, 1998 (1998) 43242-43280. uniform resource locator http//aspe.hhs.gov/admnsimp/nprm/secnprm.pdf11. Partner, Chris and Glaser, John Myths about Healthcare IT Spending HealthcareInformatics, July 2002universal resource locator http//www.healthcare- informatics.com/issues/2002/07_02/myths.htm12. Perigee.net Corporation , Perigee.net (Home Page)URL http//www .perigee.net/main.html13. Ramsdell, Blake S/MIME Version 3.1 Message Specification - draft-ietf- smimerfc2633bis-03.txt January 16, 2003URL http//www.ietf.org/internet-drafts/draft-ietf-smime-rfc2633bis-03.txt14. Dean, T and Ottaway, W. RFC 3182 - Domain Security Services using S/MIME.October, 2001.URL http//www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc3183.txt?number=318315. United States Code, Title 18, Part I, Chapter 119, Section 2511URL http//www 4.law .cornell.edu/uscode/18/2511.html16. Whitten, Alma and Tygar, J.D. Why Johnny Cant Encrypt- A Usability paygrade ofPGP 5.0 Carneigie Mellon University School of Computer Science Technical ReportCMU-CS 98-155. December, 1998URL http//www.cs.cmu.edu/alma/johnny.pdf

Truth and Order in Ionescos Bald Soprano Essay -- Bald Soprano Essays

Truth and Order in Ionescos bald-faced Soprano Any sense of order, of sense itself, is shattered and constantly questioned by Eugene Ionesco in his play The bodacious Soprano. A serious challenge is made against an absolute notion of truth. Characters throughout the play, however, continue to struggle to maintain and share a unified and natty existence. Empiricism is espoused by several characters. They submit that life experience is all that is necessary to establish unshakable order and thus, truth. Mrs. Smith states, Truth is never demonstrate in books, only in life (29). While this empirical debate underscores the need for an unmediated knowledge of truth, Ionesco simultaneously undermines empiricism as a possible method of attaining it. On a raw material level, order diminishes, deteriorates, and virtually disintegrates as the play proceeds. Empiricism is essentially deductive in nature a logical premise is established from direct sensory experience. This method calls into question even the most commonplace assumptions. Nothing is accepted as given without sufficient proof. In this manner ordinary events like tying ones shoe or reading the newspaper in the subway are made to seem extraordinary. Each differently mundane experience contains a new vitality. Mr. Martin exclaims, One sees things even more extraordinary every day, when one walks around (22). The characters seem to lack a current sense of familiarity (or boredom, perhaps) with such mundane events. Each experience, regardless of size or scope, force the characters to constantly remain in the process of reevaluating and refining the most basic assumptions upon which their lives are based. Mrs. Smiths incessant externalized inner monologue at the open... ...le isolated statements cease to be intelligible. Ionescos language late in the play is a language of non sequitirs and nonsense. utmost from articulating a unified notion of truth, language unleashes the capacity to express a cacop hony of voices and viewpoints. Unequivocal statements of any sort become virtually impossible because the proponent to negate them is embedded in the fabric of language itself. Ironically, as the play reaches its seemingly chaotic crescendo, Ionesco himself seems to submit to some vaguely cyclical notion of order. The communication of the players disintegrates and then reintegrates into a single sentence, thus allowing the play to begin again with new faces, but undoubtedly the same dramatic dnouement. Works Cited Ionesco, Eugene. The Bald Soprano. Four Plays by Eugene Ionesco. Trans. Donald M. Allen. New York Grove Weidenfeld, 1958.

Allergies and Allergic Reactions Essay -- Food Allergies

Healthy humans establish two types of immune systems that protect the body from invading pathogens that cause diseases. The Innate Immunity is the first restriction of protection. It is similar to a force field. Its primary purpose is to destroy any pathogen that tries to enter the epidermis cells (the skin cells) and the mucosa (mucus secreting cells found in the GI tract, respiratory tract, urogenital tract and eyes. If the first defense does not work, the adaptive immunity steps in to eradicate the invading microbe. Yet, sometimes the body reacts to harmless agents as if they were pathogens. Every day, more adults develop allergies to things in their environment. Exposure to such things as pollen, grass, mold and pet dander1 can lead to mild or harmful reactions. new(prenominal) allergens can cause tingling in the throat and mouth, and in many cases severe reaction that lead to death. 2 In the last couple of decades, 75 to 100 percent of asthma and 150 percent atopy have report ed.4 17.7 million adults and 7.1 million were diagnosed with allergies and hay fever.5 There ar no known reasons wherefore people developed hypersensitivity to certain agents, yet, many adults are developing allergies later in life. Statistically, children are the ones who develop allergies the most. About 3.9 percent of children have allergies, whereas 2% of adults have it. 6 Then, why are adults becoming more and more susceptible to this affliction? One possible reason is foods and every day household products are making people sick. Could it be that constant exposure to known hypoallergenic agents are causing sensitized reactions to develop in adults who have never displayed any allergic reactions in their lifetime?To understand why the sudden affliction of allergies is occu... ...alian adults A multi-centre study. Int Arch Allergy Immunol. 2009150(3)271-7. 4 . Isolauri E, Huurre A, Salminen S, Impivaara O. The allergy epidemic extends beyond the past few decades. Clin Exp A llergy. 2004 0734(7)1007-10. 5. CDC Internet. Allergies and Hay Fever. Atlanta, Georgia Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Available from http//www.cdc.gov/nchs/fastats/allergies.htm Date accessed 2011, November 186. CDC Internet. Food Allergies - DASH/HealthyYouth. Atlanta, Georgia Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.. 26 Apr. 2011. http//www.cdc.gov/HealthyYouth/foodallergies Date accessed 2011, November 187. Laurire M, Pecquet C, Bouchez-Mahiout I, Sngaroff J, Bayrou O, Raison-Peyron N, et al. Hydrolysed wheat proteins deport in cosmetics can induce immediate hypersensitivities. Contact Dermatitis. 2006 0554(5)283-9.

American history :: essays research papers

The United States Stock MarketIn the world today, people buy and shift to make a living. The American stock market is a great example of what it is like to buy and convey. The saying of the stock market is buy low, sell high. That means you buy a stock at a low price and sell it when it gets to a high price. There are twain main stock exchanges. The American Stock Exchange and Nasdaq. They are what most people basically trade on. Basically the first major incident in the stock market was the Great Depression. The year of 1929 began a time period of horror in America. It was the beginning of the great depression. A time in which some(prenominal) lost their jobs became homeless, and went hungry. Many people had to live off the nutrition of weeds or some worked fifty - volt hours and only earned s causay - five cents. The cause of the depression was the stock market crash of 1929 known to investors as Black Tuesday. Black Tuesday is said to be the most shocking financial event in the history of the United States. Not only did the stock market prices drop drastically but the business world was brought down with it. Inflation in like manner rose because of the crash. The crash that occurred on October of 1929 caused Americans to lose Thirty billion dollars and the American dollar value was 90% less than it was prior to October of 1929. Wholesale and retail forage prices dropped 40% and farm prices dropped over 60%. About four million families were left unemployed and on relief support only receiving fifteen dollars a month. Because of the crash the government was required to set new regulations regarding stock market trade. The reason for this was to attempt to prevent another stock market crash from disaster in the future. The depression brought about many problems not only did people have to worry about unemployment they also had to worry about crime. Many Americans tested to get easy money by taking part in robberies kidnappings and murders. In 1935 crim inals out numbered carpenters four to one, grocers six to one, and doctors twenty to one. In the mid west, crooks with shotguns and Tommy hired gun were a common thing. In large cities the criminals were making money off of extortion, prostitution, and auto theft. GREAT DEPRESSION TIMELINE

American history :: essays research papers

The United States Stock MarketIn the world today, people buy and sell to make a living. The American billet mart is a great example of what it is like to buy and sell. The saying of the stock market is buy low, sell high. That intend you buy a stock at a low price and sell it when it gets to a high price. There are two main stock exchanges. The American Stock Exchange and Nasdaq. They are what most people basically trade on. Basically the first major incident in the stock market was the Great Depression. The year of 1929 began a time period of horror in America. It was the beginning of the great notion. A time in which many lost their jobs became homeless, and went hungry. many a(prenominal) people had to live off the nutrition of weeds or some worked fifty - five hours and only earned seventy - five cents. The cause of the depression was the stock market separate of 1929 known to investors as Black Tuesday. Black Tuesday is said to be the most shocking financial event in the news report of the United States. Not only did the stock market prices drop drastically but the business world was brought down with it. Inflation also rose because of the crash. The crash that occurred on October of 1929 caused Americans to lose Thirty billion dollars and the American dollar value was 90% less than it was prior to October of 1929. Wholesale and retail food prices dropped 40% and put up prices dropped over 60%. About four million families were left unemployed and on relief support only receiving fifteen dollars a month. Because of the crash the establishment was required to set new regulations regarding stock market trade. The reason for this was to attempt to prevent another stock market crash from happening in the future. The depression brought about many problems not only did people have to worry about unemployment they also had to worry about crime. Many Americans tried to get simple money by taking part in robberies kidnappings and murders. In 1935 criminal s out numbered carpenters four to one, grocers six to one, and doctors twenty to one. In the mid west, crooks with shotguns and Tommy Gun were a prevalent thing. In large cities the criminals were making money off of extortion, prostitution, and auto theft. GREAT DEPRESSION TIMELINE

A New Approach to Stadium Experience: the Dynamics of the Sensoryscape, Social Interaction, and Sense of Home Essay

AbtractThe purpose of this study was to develop a reliable, valid instrument of the receptive engenders of shimmer attendees. It identified 22-items to represent five dollar bill dimensions of the sensationalscape they are sight, smell, sound, taste and touch. The authors used CFA ( confirmatory factor analysis) and SEM ( Structural Equation Model ) to confirm the reliable of Sensoryscape. The sensoryscape, companionable interaction, and sense of base of operations separately had a verifying, direct impact on fans ecstasy for both major (N = 259) and secondary N= 218) coalition venues and they also had correlation among each separate. Satisfaction with the field become had a positive and direct impact on intention to revisit. Implications for period of play marketing practice and future question are discussed.1.0 IntroductionThe importance of the palpate economy has been widely recognized in consumer research. According to Holbrook & Hirschman (1982), experiences p ass water always been at the heart of the entertainment seam including in sporting events. When fans have good experiences in the facility, there is greater inducement to their repeat attendance Many studies have begun to pay close trouble to consumers experiences via their five senses sight, sound, touch, smell and taste (Gob, 2001, et al). A higher quality or more powerful sensory experience has been shown to influence the extent of the purchase and, when positive, closure in a higher level of customer loyalty. Anderson and Sullivan (1993), consumer satisfaction is one of the virtually important predictors of consumer retention. Traditionally, product or service quality is one of the most powerful determinants of customer satisfaction and behavioral, however, more recent work has focused on sustaining the brand and customer experience. On the other hand, sportmarketing researchers have primarily focused on two types of antecedents that lead to customer satisfaction and behavio ral intention * Core product* Customer serviceAccording to Westerbeek and Shilbury (1999), in the professional sports industry, a pipe bowl is an important venue in which sport consumers directly consume and experience sports, and social interaction is a key cistron that affects spectators stadium experience. Sigmon et al, 2002, researched that fans also report experiencing a feeling of station in their home stadium, to some fans, a professional teams stadium is not just a facility it is their psychology home. The purpose of this study is to provide a more complete understanding of the sensual, social, and psychological aspects of the sport consumption experience within the stadium. Specifically, the purpose of this research is to develop a reliable, valid scale of the sensoryscape. 2.0 Theoretical Background and Hypotheses2.1 Sensory ExperienceConsumers sensory experiences fulfil an important division in their perceptions of the value companies provide however, the sensory exp erience alone may not guarantee that consumers remember the experience A stadium can be considered a sensoryscape which provides a memorable experience by appealing to all five senses. Gaffney and Bale (2004) suggested five sensual factors that affect stadium experiences sight, sound, touch, smell, taste. Gaffney and Bale (2004) suggested five sensual factors that affect stadium experiences. It is likely that more positive experiences of the sensoryscape lead to higher levels of satisfaction with the stadium experience. Based on the literature we suggest the adjacent hypothesis H1 More positive experiences of the sensoryscape will lead to higher levels of satisfaction with the stadium experience.2.2 Social InteractionThe effect of social interaction on stadium satisfaction may be more direct and salient. Further, there is some evidence that social interaction can stimulate communisis, but this effect has been shown nevertheless in the case ofmega-events. It is not clear whether so cial interaction can and does evince the same experience at smaller, more regularly occurring events. Recognizing the lack of cognition regarding the effect of social interaction, the following hypothesis is proposed H2 Social interaction will have a positive and direct impact on stadium experience satisfaction.2.3 Sense of HomeAccording to Crawford (2004), professional sport teams have a solid link to the specific place where they are located. Further, at the societal level, the sport venue becomes an emblem of locality that represents a town and its residents Therefore, it is reasonable to assume that when fans experience their teams stadium as home, their boilers suit stadium satisfaction with the venue will increase. H3 A sense of home will have a positive and direct impact on stadium experience satisfaction. 2.4 Relationship Among Sensoryscape, Social Interaction, and Sense of Home Research clearly suggests that the sensoryscape, social interaction, and sense of home should e ach affect fans satisfaction with the stadium however, There are grounds for expecting the three factors to be related with one another. It is reasonable to expect that the sensory scape may contribute to spectators experience of the stadium as home. On the other hand, those who seek to feel a sense of home are more likely to be receptive to the sensory scape. H4 Sensoryscape, social interaction, and sense of home will be correlated with one another. 2.5 Stadium Satisfaction and Repeat Attendance.Anderson & Sullivan (1993) and Oliver (1980), consumer satisfaction bas been the subject of much attention in the context of use of spectator sports, because of its influence on consumers behavioral intentions and customer retention. Satisfied consumers tend to report stronger repurchase intentions, and are more likely to recommend the products or services purchased to others This study focuses on consumers stadium experience satisfaction rather than their game satisfaction. Stadium satisf action will be defined as a sport consumers overall evaluation and associated emotions based on all experiences within the stadium. H5 Stadium experience satisfaction will have a positive and direct impact on future intention to revisit. 3.0 MethodologyMinor context Data were collected in person for the minor league context, the sampling for the Round Rock Express. A total of 218 completed. Males were 59%, age from 11 to 85 years (M = 40.7). Most respondents were White (71%) followed by Hispanic (16%). Major context Data for the Houston Astros were collected via an online survey.A total of 259 completed responses were obtained for the study. Males were 64%, and age ranged from 15 to 77 years (M= 34.6). most respondents were White (67%) followed by Hispanic (21%). 3.1 MeasurementSpectators rated each item on a 7-point Likert scale ranging from 1 (strongly disagree) to 7 (strongly agree). The questionnaire for the scale validation study included five measures the sensoryscape, social interaction, sense of home, consumer satisfaction at the stadium, and repeat attendance. Total items are 33. 3.2 Data AnalysisStructural equation models (SEM) using AMOS were conducted separately for each context (i.e., major league and minor league) to screen out the hypothesized relationships among the sensoryscape, social interaction, sense of home, stadium experience satisfaction, and intention to revisit in both major and minor league settings.4.0 Result4.1 Major League context of useThe structural model indicated that the sensoryscape, social interaction, and sense of home explained 71.1% of the variance in satisfaction with the Houston Astros stadium, and that these four factors predicted 45.1% of the variance in spectators intention to retum to the stadium. Correlations among the sensoryscape, social interaction, and sense of home were significant 0.35 r 0.49, p . H4 was supported. The four paths were all significant 0.22 g 0.68,, P 0.01. Therefore, H1, H2, H3, and H5 in the major league setting were supported, 4.2 Minor League backgroundThe structural model indicated that the sensoryscape, social interaction, andsense of home explained 70.5% of the variance in satisfaction with the Round Rock Express stadium experience these four factors predicted 55% of the variance in spectators intention to retum to the Round Rock Express stadium. The correlations among the sensoryscape, social interaction, and sense of home were significant 0.19 r 0.44, p 0.01 H4 was supported. All the four paths in the midst of latent variables were significant 0.17 g 0.15, p 0.01. H1, H2, H3, and were supported.5.0 DiscussionThe Sensoryscape scale , including 22-item, five-dimension scale is a reliable and valid instrument to measure fans stadium experience. The most significant factor affecting spectators overall stadium satisfaction was the sensoryscape for both major and minor league contexts. Although the magnitude of the effect was much higher in the minor league context than in the major league context, social interaction had a positive impact on stadium satisfaction Spectators satisfaction is positively and meaningfully impacted by sense of home with the stadium experience in both major and minor-league context. This also offers suggestions for enhancing fans sense of the stadium as home * First, marketers should find more ways for spectators to come into contact with the stadium and images of the stadium. * Further, sport teams can host more fantasy camps where fantasy camp participants can play with or have lessons from the teams players. It found that the correlation mingled with the sensoryscape and social interaction in both contexts was similar in its magnitude, the correlation among social interaction and sense of home was much higher in the minor league context than in major league context, and the correlation between sensoryscape and sense of home was much higher in major league context than in major league context. 6.0 L imitationsFuture research should explore other ways in which fans use their five senses to experience the stadium, to continue to improve the Sensoryscape scale and seek to confirm the proposed model with data collected from major league sites, or to compare fans responses to the same facility via on-line and on-site methods. To this end, other contexts could be explored (e.g., college sport, individual sport settings such as golf and tennis, roadraces) 7.0 remainderThe overall sensoryscape construct explained the most variance in spectators satisfaction with the stadium experience. This research suggests a new direction for experience marketing in sport that leverages each of the five senses. By cultivating the sensoryscape, facilitating social interaction, and providing a sense of home, sport consumers can have a more enjoyable and memorable game experience, disregarding of the game outcome.

Compare and Contrast Fresh Foods vs. Canned Foods Essay

Eating is something us as humans do everyday. We live in a world where it is important to obliterate. We choose what we atomic number 18 going to eat, and what we eat affects our bodies. The purpose of this essay is to compare and contrast the differences betwixt eating good foods instead of keep foods. The main differences between both are flavor, health benefits, cost, accessibility.The differences between these two kinds of foods are their flavor. Fresh foods nominate that great flavor and taste because they keep all their natural conditions, where as spatened foods lack of its flavor because of their chemical processes that are added to the natural foods. It is known that the fresh foods will have a great taste and flavor when consumed because of the time in which they have been prepared. Most canned foods are now available in low-salt, no-salt, low-sugar, and no-sugar preparations for those with special dietary needs or for those who want more of a natural flavor. Its al so a way to have a similar taste of fresh foods.Many doctors say that eating fresh foods are the best, followed by frozen, and then canned foods. transcribed foods are last because of the heat involved in the processing process. Canned foods lose some of the original fresh food nutrients when stored, and also be tinned with many chemical constituents that prolong the shelf life and apparent freshness of the food but could also become toxic if consumed too much. The Dietary Guidelines for Americans display that individuals eating diets higher in fresh foods have a lower risk of chronic disease.Another difference is that fresh food provides all the fiber, vitamins and minerals that are needed for your body to function normal. Fresh foods in grocery stores are picked in advance being fully ripened so that it will stay unassailable during its shipment. With canned foods, they are often left to fully ripen before harvesting, resulting in a higher nutritional value of the ripe produ ce before canning, however since this process method involves much of process, some nutrients, such as vitamins B and C go down and the relative levels decrease resulting in having lots of sodium.Canned foods have more of sodium adding to them than fresh food. Too much sodium in the diet contributes to increased blood pressure, a risk factor that could lead to lots of chronic conditions. Fresh foods have almost no sodium in them because they dont get processed the way can foods do. There are thousands of canned food products that are available in every state, lending convenience to those with a very busy lifestyle. The sodium subject in commercially canned foods has been significantly reduced, up to 40% over old canning methods.After talking about the three differences between buying fresh foods and buying canned foods. In the end, it comes down to a your personal choice, based on the time each person has, amount of money he/she has to deteriorate on food. Therefore it is importa nt that you consider your possibilities and chooses the best type of foods for your lifestyle. But, of course, fresh foods straight from the garden or farm will always remain the healthiest and have the most nutrition. But for those we dont have time to grow and produce fresh fruits and vegetables, canned products may be worth considering.http//www.livestrong.com/article/260270-nutrition-differences-canned-foods-vs-fresh-produce/

Leadership Theory and Assessment Essay

Emotional Intelligence Mark Orvidas Walden University Introduction I have to scan that getting back to considering emotional intelligence has been a bit of a walk down memory lane. When I was working for J&J, I was invited to bring up a leadership workshop on emotional intelligence. As you might imagine, and probably have experienced, there were many individual and group exercises. I especially remember a talk given by Daniel Goleman, he stresses the social aspects of leadership, and how it emotional competencies may trump intellectual competencies once a certain familiarity threshold is achieved.Later, we all receive a personalized copy of his new book, Working with Emotional Intelligence, which was the fall of 1998. New Insights Self-awareness is a basic competency that requires cosmos in touch with our feelings, and using those feelings as a guide to decision making (Goleman, 1998). Being self-aware can help build self-confidence as a leader. While taking the assessment I felt like a Likert scale of measurement might be a more accurate scale since I found myself answering a version of sometimes to many questions (Nahavandi, 2012). Consequently, when this happened, I answered false, for to be true it should always be true.That said, my score on the self-awareness branch was by far the worst (5 of 8). I realized that I really breakt create opportunities to learn about myself, nor do I examine events that affect me. I usually dont take things too personally and move on to the next challenge (unless it really was my fault ). I have to say that I scored pretty well in the other categories, none perfect and I think this is due to the fact the my job for the utmost 20+ years requires a high degree of self-motivation, self-regulation, understanding and above all, social skill although, my next lowest score was social skills (12 of 15).I dont do to well with handling difficult people, and I dont feel like I am all that persuasive. Usually, I on the button le t the facts speak for themselves. New Impacts I think I will take these results and pay more attention to the details of how a scenario has unfolded and put myself in a position to ask what I could have done differently. Use the opportunity to assess strengths and weaknesses and learn about myself. I feel like I am a pretty humble, easy-gone person but can be hard on myself when the mistake is mine.I feel that as a humankind health leader, I would share my missteps with my team and perhaps others may do the same so we all can learn from each other in a non-threatening environment. In doing so, perhaps I will be a more authentic leader and be able to share my vision from a credible position, and others will be inspired to follow my lead. Reference Goleman, D. (1998). Working with Emotional Intelligence. New York, New York Bantam Nahavandi, A. (2012). The art and science of leadership (6th ed. ). swiftness Saddle River, NJ Pearson.

Descartes’ Second Meditation

In Descartes Second Meditation the key philosophical idea of I conjecture, therefore I am is introduced and thus begins a new age in western philosophy. Some of the arguments Descartes provide in order to support his claims are that in order to doubt whatsoever involvement, you must be able to think and if you think, you exist. Descartes brings up the point that there may be no physical world, along with that thought comes the doubt of anything else being real, which again concludes that he is thinking which means he is real.Descartes argument in the second meditation is that in order to think at all, whether it is doubt of an existence or feel something to be true it requires thought. Descartes makes the point that being able to have thought means that he must exist and he can lie with this without any doubt. The main argument that he uses to support this theory is to suppose he is being deceived by an evil spirit into believing all that he knows, when everything he knows is act ually a lie. He claims that whether or non he is being deceived is not important, rather the fact that he is able to be deceived or not be deceived confirms that he does indeed exist.He goes on to show that in order to be deceived, you must be thinking and if you are thinking then by default you exist. Descartes makes us doubt everything through his new revolutionary thought process. He claims that the mind is separate from the body, and even if there is a body at all. By doubting the reality of a physical world he brings into question everything that exists except for the individual existing itself. Descartes then moves from the point that he exists to attempt to explain what he is. He claims that he is a thinking thing, and uses the word thing precisely.Descartes opens up a discussion on how being able to think means he exists, but does not include the proof of a body, instead he can only prove that a thinking thing is a mind. He claims that he cannot doubt that he can think, bu t he can doubt the reality of his body and physical interaction in the world. In going along with his experiment to purge doubtable touchs, Descartes argues that things he cannot doubt around himself are therefore real, while things that he can doubt about himself are false. Obviously, this makes it much harder for him to believe in the hysical world. Not to confuse, Descartes I dont believe was trying to imply that a thinking thing dexterity never be wrong about doubting something instead I see this as a division between the mind and body. Descartes is dealt with the problem of hesitancy and how to overcome it. In order to overcome skepticism, he decides he must enforce it strictly upon his experiment and therefore attempt to explain around skepticism. Descartes send a heavy belief on the ability to deceive and how empirical thought is not to be trusted as sense can be deceived easily.Descartes goes into depth about dreams and how when we are dreaming everything feels and seem s to be real, in fact we would never know it to be false if we never woke up. This proves that the senses not matter how tendinous are able to be deceived. This was Descartes way of dealing with skepticism though he explored it in its most extreme sense. Through experimentation he hoped to baring a belief that could not be doubted and render skepticism irrational. Thus the whole thought of I think, therefore I exist begun and was the major belief that could not be denied. Descartes accomplishes his goal by using his enemy skepticism. hing. Using Descartes thought process to determine what is real and what is not, one has an extremely hard meter confirming the existence of anything except for the fact they too exist. To conclude Descartes found the certain belief that he existed and all other who think exist, therefore unbelief being true can rationally be denied. Skepticism plays the belief that there are no so called true beliefs and life as we know it is probably a lie, but thr ough experimentation Descartes was able to rationally prove there are beliefs that can be held with certainty.

Identity of African American Men Essay

No metaphor brook capture completely the complexity of cultural dynamics in the U. S. Melting pot ignores the persistence and reconfiguration of the ethnicity over the generations. Mosaic, much(prenominal) more than apt for pluralistic societies such as Kenya or India, is too static a metaphor it fails to take in to account the easy sharpness of many ethnic boundaries. Nor is salad bowl appropriate the ingredients of a salad bowl atomic number 18 mixed only if do not change. Rainbow is a tantalizing metaphor, but rainbows disappear.Symphony, interchangeable rainbow, implies near perfect harmony both fail to take into account the variety and range of ethnic conflict in the United States. The more or less accurately descriptive metaphor, the ace that best explains the dynamics of ethnicity, is kaleidoscope. American ethnicity is kaleidoscopic, i. e. complex and varied, changing form, pattern, color continually shifting from one set of relations to another speedily changing . When a kaleidoscope is in motion, the parts give the appearance of relationships.The viewer sees and endless variety of variegated patterns, just as takes place on the American ethnic landscape. - Lawrence Fuchs (Literature for Composition 1032) Identity in America was the theme chosen by my English 201 study group. This theme was taken from chapter twenty dickens of the Literature for subject Reading and Writing Argument text book. However, I focused the broad theme of Identity in America to the more narrowed theme of The pageantry of African American men in the media. I chose this theme or topic because I felt that I can relate to it and as a matter of fact, it was also interesting to me. But in order to conduct my enquiry on the particular topic, I came up with the following question, How has the identity of African American men been pompousnessed by the media cast outly or positively? This question was chosen in order to provoke an argument for discussion. I conducted s everal(prenominal) interviews in order to acquire information nigh my selected topic.The medias screening of the identity of African American men can be discussed or looked at from deuce angles damagingly or positively. First, from my experience I can say that the media displays African American men in both lights, negatively and positively. But after conducting interviews with several individuals, my opinion has somewhat changed. I was always aware of the negative images of African/black men in the media. But I was not aware that this display had evolved overtime. My first interview was conducted with April T.Glasgow, a communications major(ip) at the University of the Virgin Islands on Wednesday 20th February 2008, at approximately ten oclock in the morning. We conducted the interview at her dorms lobby. I had explained the topic prior to meeting with her, so she already had an idea about what issue the discussion would be addressing. Generally, her opinion was that black men w ere being exploited and portrayed negatively by the media. She also stated strongly that black men were too often portrayed or given the roles of thugs, gangsters, and pimps in conveys and magazines.In addition, a suggestion she made on how we could resolve this stereotype was that black people must colligate and stand up against these negative portrayals especially those in rap music videos. The second interview was carried out that same day with Professor Alex Randall. His general statements were that the media has changed over the years. The negative portrayals of the 1960s and 1970s gravel changed, Randall stated. Randall felt that in modern times, people of color were treated more fairly and given a more positive portrayal in the media.Randall stated that in that respect were many positive images in the media of African Americans, such as Denzel Washington, Barack Obama, Michael Jordan, and Bill Cosby. In addition, Randall said that in previous years no such image could flummox been seen in the media. We are rational human beings and its our choice to choose what part of the spectrum of negative and positive images we would want to emulate, said Randall. This statement impacted me and slightly changed my opinion on the topic. At that point in conducting my primary research for the musical theme, my position on the topic has somewhat been altered. by and by conducting the interviews with April T. Glasgow and Professor Alexander Randall I have become more open minded to the issue. I would admit that I was initially a bit biased and reserved on the topic prior to evaluating the topic from both sides negatively and positively. In order to decide which position I was going to take I would have to do more auxiliary research on the topic. Since I started this research paper my observation and assessment of the media have taken a different turn.I now compare and contrast men of other races in the media to African American men. My auxiliary research was, for the most part, completed using internet sources. The members that I discovered on the web were very useful and contributed greatly to my research. Three internet articles were analyzed to achieve the secondary data for my paper. The first article I examined was The Medias Bias against black men in America. The article was basically a discussion of a set written in the reinvigorated York Times about the plight of American black men.The author, Armstrong Williams, stated that the New York Times article was another example of major media outlets using negative statistics to consistently cast black men as the scourge of this expanse. Williams made several strong and interesting statements end-to-end the article that I thought was beneficial to this research paper. For example, according to Williams, The continual coverage of the black mans plight instead of his progress only hinders his growth, holds back our country from true equality, and hides the truth about the opportuni ties and challenges that we all face(Williams 4).Williams also suggested that the American public should challenge the lack of coverage of American black progress in this country (Williams 5). In the last century black men have literally gone from being slaves to business owners, government leaders, lawyers, doctors, firemen, generals, entertainers, and educators. No other laden class of people anywhere else in the world has advanced its standing in a society this quickly (Williams 6). I was really impressed by the way Armstrong used this statement to present his argument.In addition, Williams stated that the incidence of drug use, crime, scandal, divorce, and other social ills have increased dramatically for whiten men, but these statistics are not reported as problems about white men in America (Williams 6). Approximately 9 out of 10 serial killers are white males between the ages of twenty and thirty five. Yet we never hear these statistics repeated over and over again in the m ainstream press, making these crimes synonymous with one particular race as in this case with blacks (Williams 9). Later in the article Williams explained the image the media is creating internationally.The overseas media continuously places black men in negative positions such as school dropouts, irresponsible fathers, and victims of perpetual racism. The manner in which these stories are constructed and then, displayed to listeners and readers eliminates the possibility of believing that black men do not have positive roles (Williams 10). Therefore, I agree with Williams that the repetitive negative articles can create a vicious cycle of harmful images and low expectations of black men. The Black scope in the White Mind is the title of the second internet article that I examined.The article was useful in constructing my opinion on the topic of how African American men are displayed in the media whether negatively or positively. The article presented some useful statistical data t hat was quite interesting and yet fearful to me. In this article by Robert M. Entman, he stated that a mug shot of a Black defendant is four times more in all likelihood to appear in a local television news report than of a White defendant (Entman 2). He went on to say that the accused is two times more likely to be shown physically restrained in a local television news report than when the accused is a white man (Entman 2).According to Entman, The name of the accused is two times more likely to be shown on screen in a local TV news report if the defendant is black, rather than white (Entman 2). In addition, he stated that while black actors are now more visible in media, it is an open question as to how tumefy they are being represented (Entman 2). The Third article that I examined was Black youth and corporation media current research and emerging questions and I found it to be the most interesting of the three.This article was written by Craig Watkins, an Associate Professor of Sociology and Radio-Television- Film at the University of Texas at Austin. The article was basically an outline of some of the important research findings and emergent issues that examine the changing relationship between black American youth and the mass media industriousness (Watkins 5). Watkins stated that for most of its history the mass media industry has produced images that distort and misrepresent the complexities of the African American experience (Watkins 9).He stated that contemporary media representations of African Americans can be best described as paradoxical because blacks are simultaneously underrepresented and overrepresented in American media culture (Watkins 9). According to Watkins, blacks are underrepresented in many areas of mass media they are over represented in television sports broadcasts and crime and violence related portrayals (Watkins 13). Watkins said that images of blacks in magazines have increased but they are predominantly portrayed in athleti c roles. According to Watkins, African American men are more likely to appear as athletes or musicians (Watkins 14).The strongest statement throughout the article was when Watkins stated that the athleticization of the black men in the media reproduces and popularizes long-standing myths about biological and intellectual differences between blacks and whites (Watkins 15). Further analysis of Watkins article indicated that when African Americans are portrayed in television news it is generally in aggressive, violent, or criminal roles. Also, a recent analysis of the film industry asserts that blacks tend to be curtail to low budget features that focus disproportionately on crime, violence, and youth delinquency.The repetitious display of blacks in athletic roles creates a limited range of adult and professional person role models for young black males being that they are faced with only few media images of successful African American men. The internet articles that I examined clearl y showed that there is strong evidence to prove that African American men are negatively and unfairly displayed in the media. After examining these internet articles, I felt that up to now though they were some positive images of African American men in the media the majority of images are in some way biased or negative.After evaluating and examining my internet sources, I turned back my attention to my English 201 text book, Literature for Composition Reading and Writing Arguments to get some more appreciation on the matter. While reading through chapter twenty-three, I came up on a quote from Lawrence Fuchs that I found to be tied in well with my overall all theme of identity in America. I decided to place this quote at the beginning of the research paper a variant of introduction to the overall theme. I chose this quote because it describes the complexity and internal conflicts of identity in America.Speaking of conflicts between identities, Hotel Rwanda is a film that display s such conflict to the extreme. This film was shown in class by my English professor because she said that it was in some way related to our theme and that it could also be used as a part of our secondary research. I did not really understand the connection with our theme until I saw the film. Hotel Rwanda is a historical drama about the hotel manager Paul Rusesabagina played by Don Cheadle during the Rwandan genocide and was directed by Terry George in 2004.The movie is developedly based on the Rwandan genocide that occurred in 1994 where almost one million of both Tutsi and Hutu individuals were killed. In the movie which is a reflection of what actually took place, the media was used to instigate conflicts between the Tutsi and Hutu. Throughout the actual conflict the media was used as a tool to falsely display Tutsis as the scourge of Rwanda. For example, the radio station, RTLM was used to spread negative and scorn messages about the Tutsis such as Why do we hate the Tutsis? They are cockroachesRwanda is Hutu land. (United Arts. Dir.Terry George. United States, 2004) All in all, it is quite evident from the primary and secondary research that there are both negative and positive displays of African American men in the media. Since the interviews I am more aware that the display of African Americans has changed over time for the better. However, from the Internet articles I have discovered that there are still a lot of negative images of African American men in the media. In addition, I learned that there are still many biases when presenting African American men in media whether on radio, television, or magazines.Overall, the research was very interesting and informative. April T. Glasgow and Professor Alexander Randall were very helpful in making my research paper a success. From carrying out this research paper I was able to conduct some interesting interviews, especially with Professor Randall. I was truly able to critically interpret and analyze th e investigation in addition to improving my overall research skills. The research process was a learning experience that I will never forget. Works Cited Barnet, Sylvan, Burto William and Cain E. William. Literature for Composition.New York Longman, 2007. Entman, Robert and Rojecki, Andrew. Media and its Portrayal of Black Americans. racerelations. about. com. New York. 2008. . Glasgow, April T. Personal Interview. 20 Feb. 2008. Hotel Rwanda. Dir. Terry George. Lions Gate Films and United Artists, 2004. Randall, Alexander. Personal Interview. 20 Feb. 2008. Watkins, S. Craig, Black Youth and Mass Media Current query and Emerging Questions. http//www. rcgd. isr. umich. edu/prba/perspectives/winter2000/cwatkins. pdf. Williams, Armstrong. The Medias Bias Against Black Men in America. 31 March 2006. .

Microplastic Pollution

Microplastic pollution is an increasing problem in the devil dog surround. This study had five research objectives establish if seagrass habitats be accumulating microplastics compared to arenaceous habits in the Florida Keys, identify if there are any microplastics present in field collected sea cucumbers in the Florida Keys, determine the number of microplastics in Pensacola land sediment, determine the number of microplastics in St. Joseph Bay sediment, analyze field collected sand dollars in the Panhandle of Florida for microplastics, and conduct a laboratory experiment on the sand dollar, Mellita tenuis, to determine if they are selecting for microplastics.Microplastics were extracted from samples using a saturated CaCl2 solution, and visual examination. Both seagrass beds and sandy areas in the Florida Keys contained microplastics. Sediment in Pensacola and St. Joseph Bay both contained microplastics. sea cucumbers collected in the Florida Keys, and sand dollars collected i n the Panhandle of Florida, had microplastics as part of their gut content, suggesting they may make useful animals for monitoring nearshore environments for microplastic pollution. In the laboratory, M. tenuis ingested microplastics in slightly lower proportions compared to surrounding sediment.CHAPTER IINTRODUCTIONMicroplasticsPlastic production has been increasing worldwide for the last sixty years, with manufacturing increasing about 9% apiece year. In 2007, 260 million tons of plastic were produced (PlasticsEurope 2008). The high dur force, low cost, and light weight relieve oneself made plastic the material of choice in creating some(prenominal) products (Andrady and Neal 2009 Thompson et al. 2009).The incredible success of the plastic industry was unexpected, thus when plastics were first introduced, dangers to the environment were ignored (Stefatos et al. 1999 Derraik 2002). In 2010, between 4.8 to 12.7 million metric tons of plastic entered the marine environment, and th e amount is increasing each year (Jambeck et al. 2015).The consequences of plastic entering the marine environment has only been recently recognized, and is still not well understood. The combination of the farseeing time it takes for plastic to degrade, its ability to concentrate contaminants, and the ingestion by marine organisms are collectively raising concerns for the health of the marine environment.Microplastics are defined as plastic pieces less than 5 mm in size (Arthur et al. 2009 Van Cauwenberghe et al. 2015), although different studies have contrasting definitions of microplastics making comparisons difficult (Van Cauwenberghe et al. 2015). Primary microplastics are measuredly made 5 mm or less for use in cosmetics, cleaners, and industrial scrubbers.Microplastic pellets are the raw plastic material from which larger plastic items are made (Wilber 1987 Costa et al. 2010). Secondary microplastics are derived from larger plastic sources by mechanical, photolytic, or chem ical degradation (Mathalon and Hill 2014 Alomar et al. 2016). Examples of secondary microplastics include irregular fragments from macroplastics, and fibers from turn and nets.Plastics enter the ocean from sources on land and on the sea. About 75% 90% of plastic debris is land-based coming from littering, and improperly maintained landfills. Areas with higher river commentary have a higher concentration of microplastics (Vianello et al. 2013 Van Cauwenberghe et al. 2015). The other 10% 25% come from direct inputs to the ocean, such as shipping, dumping garbage, and search (Wessel et al. 2016). adult male population density is a large contributing factor in the distribution of microplastics in the ocean and on shorelines and, not surprisingly, heavily populated areas have higher concentrations of debris compared to areas of low population density (Van Cauwenberghe et al. 2015). Beaches near urbanized areas may have 3.3% of the sediment composed of microplastics by weight compare d to 0.12% in more isolated areas (Carson et al. 2011 Van Cauwenberghe et al. 2015).With human population growth, more waste is entering the oceans via sewage outfalls, rivers, littering, and industrial discharge (Claessens et al. 2011 Derraik 2002). Over 90% of the variation in the abundance of microplastics on shorelines can be explained by the population density near the area being sampled (Barnes 2005 Browne et al. 2010). Population size and waste management systems by and large determine which countries contribute the great amount of plastic marine debris into the ocean. If waste management does not improve, there will be an order of order of magnitude increase in the amount of plastic entering the ocean by 2025 (Jambeck et al. 2015).Documentation of microplastics in the marine environment began in the 1970s when they were first described in the water column (Carpenter and Smith 1972 Carpenter et al. 1972), and on shorelines (Gregory 1977 Gregory 1978 Shiber 1979 Shiber 1982 ). Thirty years later occurrence of microplastics in the sediment was first described (Thompson et al. 2004). Types of microplastics in the environment include fibers, fragments, films, and microbeads found in the water column, along shorelines, and in sediment in every marine environment (Wright et al. 2013b Alomar et al. 2016).Fibers are the most abundant oddball of microplastic found by many studies, and may be composed of nylon, polyvinyl alcohol, and polypropylene (Browne et al. 2010 Claessens et al. 2011 Alomar et al. 2016 Taylor et al. 2016). Nylon fibers come from clothes, carpets, ropes, and nets. Polyvinyl alcohol fibers are from fishing gear such as fishing lines. Polypropylene fibers are derived from ropes and carpets (Claessens et al. 2011).Washing a single piece of clothing produces around 1,900 fibers that may be released into the environment, thus fiber pollution is often greatest in areas near sewage outfalls (Browne et al. 2011 Alomar et al. 2016). More than four microplastic fibers per gram of sediment have been found in samples taken from areas where sewage is discharged into the ocean (Browne et al. 2010). The ability to determine if a fiber is plastic, or some other type of material, is crucial for accurate estimates of the amount of plastic in the environment.A study in the English Channel found that over half of the fibers ingested by fish were made of cellulose compounds (Lusher et al. 2013)Fragments are usually broken down from larger materials that may be made out of a variety of polymers including polyethylene, polypropylene, polystyrene, polyvinylchloride, polyester, nylon and polyamide (Browne et al. 2010). polyethylene and polypropylene are found in plastics like bottle caps, fishing line, wrappers, cigarette butts, and straws (Wessel et al. 2016).Polyethylene and polypropylene production uses half of the oil consumed for plastic production (Browne et al. 2010). Plastic films are used in products such as balloons, frozen food p ackaging, and checkup supplies (Claessens et al. 2011). These one-use plastics degrade over time becoming microplastics.Microbeads function as scrubbing agents in face washes and cleansers, and are made from polyethylene, polypropylene, and polystyrene (Claessens et al. 2011). Presence of microbeads in Nieuwpoort Harbor, Belgium, the largest yacht sustain in Northern Europe, was ascribed to transport by several rivers flowing into the harbor (Claessens et al. 2011). Castaeda et al. (2014) found a high concentration of microbeads in the Saint Lawrence River coming from industrial sewage.Microbeads have a higher density than many plastics, so it is hypothesized that microbeads settle to the bottom before being transported further offshore. While this type of microplastic is not normally the most abundant in the environment, microbeads have been used in many laboratory experiments, and marine organisms are known to ingest them (Setl et al. 2016).

Management In The News

Management is a way of creating, stirring, accessing and reusing knowledge to accomplish organization goals.Infosys works with you to build the permit knowledge management framework and processes as well as identifying technological solutions for establishing sound knowledge management system and processes .Inforsys won the prestigious world(prenominal) most admirarable knowledge enterprise (M.A.K.E.) Award for the year 2003 validating infosys leadership in knowledge management. Knowledge is our most valuable resource and infosys process for knowledge management ensure that projects team derive the most out of knowledge for good management. Good management operates at three levels arranging level, project level and accounts level.As decision makers in the health cargon business, you grapple with ch exclusivelyenges, imperatives and trade offs that are shaping the competitive dynamics of the industry. How can administrative costs and overheads are controlled while improving patient s service and overall efficiency. How can health care are made more consumer come to without adding to delivery costs.How can spiraling IT costs be raised in so that resources are available for making new investments in technology to create competitive leadership capabilities. For the last 25 years Infosys has been working with payers, producers, and PMBs to help them become more competitive. As new stake holders such as RHIOs and NHEs emerge, we are synthesizing our knowledge in heath care and technology to offer new solutions. Our dedicated health care practice includes more than 200 professionals. (Tichy and Cohen, 1997) in that respect are three secrets on management One minute objective setting, One minute praising and one minute reprimand. The ABCs thats Activators, i.e. actions interpreted by managers before some can accomplish a goal.Behaviour, i.e. what the person says or does and Consequences.EmpowermentAuthorizing employees to do there work without the carry to seek p raise from superiors. Give a sense of responsibility and achievement to employee.Managers RoleManagers in a health organization have a strain of roles. (Manfred David Mann) in a short sway on the role of managers under participative and authoritarian mood of management covers decision making and basic characteristics of style. Managers do as they are told to do .They help in transiting orders (work responsibility is delegated). Managers coordinate own groups work with that of the group in which hes a surboninate.Decision making are made at the top and hence ensure participation in decision making at all levels.Managers also help in tell and managing change i.e. overcome problems of size and hence management effectiveness can be raised by 20-30 %. Managers normally plan ahead, find best strategies, ensconce and implement projects, they agree on targets and objectives, monitor and control progress, evaluate performance and carryout appraisals. Managers in proper organization. Disc uss the role and responsibilities of managers in different circumstances. (Kotter, 1996)Management / want TheoryManagement theories describe several approaches to management and distinguish its leadership and management. Scientific management (Fredrick W Taylor, 1900s).Each task scientifically and rationally optimized to improve productivity e.g. shoveling coal, optimum shovel size, best service and i crapper coal size and type. Ford motor company embraced Tailors work in production lines, high wages, lines move increasingly quickly, workers could stand the pace for only a couple of years, many other ready to take there place.Bureaucracy (Max Webers 1920s). The need to achieve consistency gave rise to need for rules and regulations. All tasks routine, each person expert, all transactions written. Said regular activities distributed as fixed official duties, all activities follow the organizational hierarchy, operations receive equal treatment under consistent system of abstract r ules, official separate as formalistic personalities without fit emotionally involved. (Kotter, 1996)Human relations (Hawthorne experiments). Elton Mayo 1930s and 40s experiments with consulting workers about work place lighting levels improved productivity for both experimental and control groups. Similar experiments found productivity always improved no matter what one changed. In conclusion, people are not the rational and economic beings assumed by classical theory. Social interaction is important and people work well if they feel valued.Motivation. The hierarchy of needs (A H Maslow, 1950s and 60s came up with five stages, biological (hunger, warmth and rest), safety (protection from danger), socialization (love, affection and avilliation), self esteem (autonomy, dignity and respect), and self actualization (realize our potential through competence, creativity and achievement. (Tichy and Cohen, 1997)Complex man theory looked at people from economic, social and selfactualisa tion.All these approaches may be considered too realistic i.e. no single management style can succeed in improving the performance of all workers. The motives of an individual may be extremely complex and reliable and to change over time. A high level of satisfaction does not necessary lead to increased production. Management by objectives is fundamental. Strategic management, setting objectives for staff and accessing achievements, decentralization, managing in turbulent times, preparing to deal with sudden changes and take advantage of new situations. (Tichy and Cohen, 1997)Problem ResolutionAll organizations have objectives-goals to meet-but rarely a technique in place to meet those objectives. totality Total by business goals through there work with many large and small companies see recurring business problems that crop up often hence provide best solutions. They have created and refined a performance, learning and knowledge management platform that strengthens talents.The fo llowing can be solutions to management, talent management, extended enterprise, channel effectiveness, regulatory compliance, operational proficiency, customer education and call customer service and solutions For good management qualified staff must be use and especially with experience, recruitment must be used at the right time without any sort of corruption, unions must be formed and trustful leaders chosen, in case of any reorganization, it should be fair and all members involved, proper budgeting should be done, incase of promotions it should be done fairly. (Kotter, 1996)ReferenceKotter, J. P. (1996) Leading Change. Harvard Business train Press, September 1996Tichy, N. M. and Cohen, E.B. (1997) The Leadership Engine How Winning Companies Build Leaders at Every Level. Harper Business, November 1997.

Educating Rita-Characters Essay

Main characters Rita and frank are the only two characters whom we see on stage, though other people are referred to by both of them. We hear about Denny, Ritas husband, about Julia, Franks partner, and about Trish, Ritas flatmate, who attempts to gobble up herself. But it is Rita and Frank whom the audience gets to know best.Rita Rita is a working-class, twenty-six-year-old hairdresser who has taken the decisive step of enrolling on a literature course at the Open University. It has been a difficult decision as it agency that she has to break away from the restrictions imposed on her by her husband and by the community in which she lives and works. Indeed, Ritas choice is a stark one it is between starting a family, which Denny wants, or studying. In deciding to study and become more educated and culturally aware, Rita changes her life completely. She gradually becomes absorbed by last and literature. It is only after her flatmate attempts suicide that she begins to realise that art and literature cannot provide all the answers. However, she decides to continue as a student and finally passes her examination.Frank Frank is a university lecturer in English books with a drink problem. He has had one failed marriage and his present relationship wit Julia is not an indulgent one. However, he does appear to have a comfortable middle-class lifestyle and has achieved some minor succeeder as a poet. His job, nevertheless, bores him and, in fact, by the end of the play, he has been sent away to Australia by the university administration because of his drunken behaviour. Rita breezes into his life like a breath of fresh air the invoice of the play is the story of their developing and changing relationships both as teacher and student and on a more personalized level.

Solder Joint In Electronic Engineering Essay

electronic makers through with(predicate) show up the universe obligate a long history of utilizing exceed-based conjoins. These conjoins have proven to be equal effectual and high reliable, and atomic number 18 solidly integ come outd into fabricating methods and mathematical functions. Driven by statute law mainly in the European Union i.e. WEE, RoHS, EEE Directives, makers ar concrete the manner for taking happen conjoin from completely electronics assemblies. However, the credence of nonleaded conjoin posses m all draw dorsums. Conversion to RoHS ( Restriction of Hazardous Substance ) teachable images essential include the full mathematical product development and fabrication procedure. To electronics makers, one of the most of moment facets in the procedure is guaranting the nonleaded solder articulation honorableness is equal to or greater than that of their real leaded solder composings.Manufacturers ar working independently to formalize reliableness for their nonleaded electronic parcels and systems. Likewise, patience organisations and other research workers have developed proof plans that attempt to show hardship mechanism associated with nonleaded merchandises, generate reliableness speedup supposititious accounts, and predict the dependableness of nonleaded solder articulations. Several supposititious accounts of lead exhaust solder articulation reliableness non mature plenty yet to enable all demand of aerospace and army intent. Several factors affect solder articulation dependability, i.e. portion geometry, solder drosss, and external milieual stresss. Rapid thermal cycling has been an effectual environmental stimulation capable of bring oning weariness on solder articulations, peculiarly with stuffs holding mismatched thermic en spaciousment coefficients. Mechanically induced beat is another(prenominal) external wildness that efficaciously evaluates solder sound out dependability. Thermal cycling coffin nai l bring onward high supplanting emphasiss at grim rhythm oftennesss, whereas windup(prenominal) jolt hobo fork up low supplanting emphasiss at high absolute frequencys and high rhythm counts. A peculiar type of exam equipment and methodological summary capable of using a combination of rapid thermic cycling and flush is exceedingly Accelerated Life experimenting ( HALT ) .Circuit carte du jours range from simple individual moulded plastic boards with Cu medicinal drug directors on one or both sides to multilayer boards with Cu music directors, each bed beingness infractd by a insulator and interconnected by metal music directors. Minimum blood breadth and spacing mingled with lines is little than 100 Am. The board exemplaryly is made from a composite such as an epoxy with superimposed sheets of woven fiberglass. The dielectric stuff mingled with beds of music directors is normally a polymer, for illustration polyimide. To keep solder ability, the exposed Cu m ay be surface with an inhibitor such as benzotriazole or with a solder greatcoat. Components be attached to the board with solder or metal-filled conductive adhesives. Fully assembled boards may be farther protected against pissed, taint, and mechanical harm by a screen coat. ( Steinberg D,1988 )1.2 SOLDER JOINT RELIABILITY AND FAILURE join articulations widely use in the electronic packaging pains to bring by vertical electric, thermic, and mechanical connexions between the bundle and the printed electric roundabout board. Twenty per centums of the mechanical visitation in airborne and mechanization electronic cause by totter and daze. Design appropriate feeling to guarantee the survival equipment in the daze and shudder environment is necessary to make so. Staying 80 per centum of mechanical visitation related to thermic emphasiss ensuing from high thermic gradients, coefficient of thermic en extensivement and high coefficient of snap.solder joint distress occur s in several groundsPoor bod of the solder articulationA bad solder articulation interventionSolder stuffExcessive emphasis applied to solder articulations.In general, nevertheless, the solder articulation failures are that tagd harmonizing to the nature of emphasis that have cause. intimately joint failure falls into common chord major classsFatigue failure due to cyclic emphasis applicationDue to the exe sleep withion of a long term or lasting burdenThe emphasis is due to every(prenominal)whereloading in the short termReflow indite besides has a importationant put to work on solder articulation reliablity. Because It besides has a high influence micro construction of the solder articulation. vibe failure of solder articulations is assessed for dependability utilizing high accelerated life tally, which is re testifyed by a GRMS- dress curve. For surface saddle horse microelectronic southwardtions, an estimate of printed circuit board ( PCB ) theoretical account anal ytic thinking can be made by presuming PCB as a bleak unpeopled thin spot base because the growth in stiffness of PCB due to the climb of the organics is around offset by the addition in entire mass of the populated PCB. However, this estimation can direct to mistakes in natural oftenness computer science for contrary bundle profiles, for flip-chip-on-board ( FCOB ) and plastic-ball-grid-array ( PBGA ) assemblies. When the constituent has little profile, the estimate of PCB crowd as a bare PCB can supply acceptable average analysis consequences because the stiffness and mass part of little constituent to PCB assembly is non vast.In this running game, changing GRMS-level stochastic quiver trial for PCB assemblies were conducted. In order to cipher the dependability of PCB assembly, it is necessary to carry on the dynamic analysis.1.3 PROJECT PURPOSEIn this modern universe due to the causes of wellness and environmental issues the electronic fabrication industries confron ting a challenging job of necessity to bring forth dependable solder merchandises in truly high niggardness with unfeignedly low cost.Solder articulations are really of import to the dependability of Printed Circuit Boards ( PCB ) . This is a 1 of the taking factor in transmittal of electrical and thermic connexions. In instance of every PCB even a smaller solder articulations are really of import.So this childbed investigates the Effect of quiver on solder articulation dependability in electronics assembly applications. Solder articulation of an electronic assembly is really of import measuring because of this theoretical account based stack might assist applied scientists efficaciously fall in the PCB mechanical design and in that respectfore better dependability of electronics attached to the PCB by sing practical uncertainnesss and inauspicious quiver environments. This experiment attempted to research the practice session of HALT to measure the dependability of solder a rticulations. For this trial, sample distributions of PCB s arranged and tested on an Environmental examen chamber. The trial program included a response where, as samples become dis addressd from the printed circuit board ( PCB ) , . In add-on, a solder joint life distribution would be bring forthing depicting comparative populace creation between Sn95.5/Ag4.0/Cu0.5 vs. Sn42Bi57Ag1 solder cattle farm. The consequence of this trial did non bring forth the sequence of failures necessary to be after the life in establishments nevertheless the procedure of proving revealed near by into the application of HALT as a technique to contrast the public presentation of PCB soldered constituents. ( Steinberg D,1988 )The all overall research methodological analysis that has been followed during the job is illustrated in Figure 1.1. thither are six distinguishable stairss Literature Survey, Project Planning, Design of Experiments, Experimental work, depth psychology of consequence and C onclusion, and Documentation and Presentation.Literature SurveyDesign of ExperimentsUndertaking planningExperimental Work abridgment of Results and ConclusionDocumentation and PresentationFigure 1.1 Undertaking MethodologyChapter 2LITERATURE REVIEW2.1 SINUSOIDAL VIBRATION TESTINGDynamic warps of stuffs caused by quiver can do jobs and malfunctions including failed electrical constituents, deformed seals, optical and mechanical misalignment, cracked or broken constructions, inordinate electrical noise, electrical trunkss, chafed wiring. Because wickedness quiver represent largely a certain cardinal frequence and the harmonics of that cardinal, in its pure province, this type of quiver is generated by a limited important figure of number ones. verbalized as amplitude versus frequence, sine quiver is the type of quiver generated in the bowl by beginnings such as engine rotational velocities, propellor and turbine blade transition frequences, rotor blade transition and introduction vehicles.While much of real(a) universe quiver is random, sine quiver proving accomplishes several of import ends in merchandise ability and proving. Much stuff and completed merchandise was modelled on some type of sine quiver signature. A sine expanse of frequences institute reason whether the premises were right and if the divergences are considerable plenty to do design alterations. In other words, expanse will set up if the imagined frequence has been met and/or discovers the trial drumhead cardinal frequence. Similarly, a expanse will assist place the trial capable resonance frequences, which may be the points at which the point experiences peculiarly nerve-racking warps. near of the undermentioned trials include fixed frequence at higher grads of the commanding variable ( displacement, speed, acceleration ) , and random quiver. other typical sinusoidal quiver trial, sine explosion such as the teardrop, goes quickly to exceed out pulsation and so decays at lower rate ( to forestall harm to the unit ) . The burst trial puts a maximum burden into an object at a rapid rate and peculiarly emphasiss articulations and seams to place foxiness and design issues.2.2 RANDOM VIBRATION TESTINGThe genuineness of random quivers an effectual tool of testing craft defects came about during fabrication. Up until that limited hertz sine was applied during dependability proving. Pure sinusoidal quiver is composed of a individual frequence at any given tweet. Comparisons trials revealed that to be the effectivity of random quiver. The trial point will hold to be subjected to many sine frequences over a long-life period of bring down, and may by happenstance weariness the trial point. Random quivers undercover defect faster. other fluctuation would be a swept sine on random trial. In random quiver nevertheless, all frequences happening at the same time. Because of this, random quiver analysis normally performed over a big scope of frequences, say from 20Hz to 20 00Hz. Research workers are non looking at a special(prenominal) frequence, specific minute in clip or specific anything else They are statistically looking at a construction response to a given random quiver environment. Decidedly be cognizant about any natural frequences that cause a big random response at any opened frequence degree, but largely all the experiments taking the overall response of the construction.Random quiver analysis looks at random accelerations or forces over a scope of frequences, which we call the frequence sphere. ( These random inputs are however sustained over a period of clip, but are non time-dependent i.e. , the longer the period of clip, the better the statistical sampling in the frequence sphere. ) The scope of frequences is called a spectrum. Therefore, this is called by Spectral Density. Normally, if accelerations consider in trial, for that Acceleration Spectral Density ( ASD ) have to employ.2.3 SINE ON RANDOM VIBRATION TESTING shakiness sin e on random testing is executing by superposing a sine moving ridge on top of a random environment. A sine on random quiver trial replaces the combined environment of a s flagstonening chopper blade with its distinguishable resonant degrees and the remainder of the aircraft which gene pass judgment random engine and slick induced quiver. Gunfire on board an aircraft causes sine quiver while the remainder of the aircraft generates random excitements. These types of trials are doubling quiver Characterized by dominant extremums ( sinusoids ) superimposed on a broadband background.2.4 Real foundation SIMULATION.Most quiver in existent universe is random for illustration a vehicle locomotion over route feels random quiver from the route abnormalities. Land launched projectile vehicles exposed to non stationary quiver during its flight, the motor ignites the projectile travel through the ambiance, the motor burn terminals and so forth even in flying when subjected to turbulent air flow , undergoes random quiver.Random quiver is composed of battalion of carry ons spectrum of frequences. Movement varies helter-skelter with clip. It can be accessible in the sphere by a power spectral denseness map G2/Hz .2.5 HIGHLY-ACCELERATED LIFE TESTING ( HALT )HALT involve quiver proving in all three axes with a random manner of frequences. at last, HALT proving can include the real-time cycling of fivefold environmental variables, for illustration, temperature cycling plus quiver testing. This multi-variable proving attack provides a closer appraisal of real-world operating environments. conflicting usual testing, the end of HALT proving is to interrupt the specimen. When the merchandise fails, the light(a)est point is recognized, so applied scientists know fast what demands to be done to develop merchandise quality. After a merchandise has failed, the weak constituents are erect or toughened. The revised specimen is so subjected to an extra unit of ammunition of HALT p roving, with the scope of temperature, quiver, or floor further increased, so the merchandise fails once more. This identify the hobby weakest point.By traveling through several proving like this, the merchandise can be made rather strong. WithThis familiar attack, simply the weak musca volitanss are identified for betterment. This type of proving supply so much information about the assembly and public presentation of a merchandise, that it can be rather supportive for newer applied scientists assigned to a merchandise which they are non wholly familiar. HALT proving must be performed during the design period of a merchandise to build the basic design is dependable. But it is indispensable to observe that the units being tested are apparent to be hand-made technology paradigm. At suggestion, we have found that HALT proving should besides be performed on existent industry units, to guarantee that the passage from technology design to production design has non settlemented in a wrong of merchandise quality or hardiness. Some applied scientists may see this attack as scientifically sensible, but economically impractical. though, the cost of HALT proving is much a lesser sum of than the cost of field failures.2.6 HIGHLY-ACCELERATED STRESS SCREENING ( HASS )HASS testing is an ongoing showing trial, performed on usual production units. Here, the thought is non to ravish the merchandise, but instead to verify that existent industry units continue to run decently when subjected to the cycling of bionomical factors used during the HASS trial. The bounds used in HASS proving are based on a skilled canvass of the HALT proving parametric quantities. The importance of HASS proving can be suited when 1 considers today s typical production scenario. Natural stuffs are purchased from a seller who uses stuffs purchased from other sellers. Components and sub-assemblies are obtained from makers all over the universe. The culture gathering of the merchandise is performe d by a subcontractor. This manner that the quality of the concluding merchandise is a function of the quality of all the constituents, stuffs, and procedures which are a portion of that concluding merchandise. These constituents, stuffs, and procedures can and make alter over clip, in that manner impacting the worth and dependability of the concluding merchandise. The best manner to guarantee that fiction units continue to run into dependability aims is through HASS testing.2.7 RELIABILITYDependability is definite as the chance that a wrench will consort its required map under stated conditions for a exact period of clip. predict with some grade of Confidence is really dependent on right specifying a figure of parametric quantities. For case, taking the manduction that matches the information is of primary importance. If a right distribution is non chosen, the consequences will non be dependable. The confidence, which depends on the sample sizing, must be adequate to do right det erminations. Individual element failure rates must be based on a big adequate universe of discourse and of import to truly reflect present twenty-four hours normal uses. There are experimental considerations, such as influential the incline of the failure rate and ciphering the activation power, every bit good as ecological factors, such as temperature, humidness, and quiver. eventually, at that place are electrical stressors such as electromotive force and current. Dependability technology can be slightly conceptual in that it involves much statistics yet it is technology in its most reasonable signifier. Will the design execute its proposed mission? Product dependability is seen as a grounds to the stamina of the design every bit good as the unity of the category and fabricating committednesss of an societies.One of the rudimentss of understanding a merchandise s dependability requires an apprehensionof the estimation of the failure rate. The conventional method of passing a m erchandise s failure rate is through the usage of accelerated quiver runing life trials perform on a sample ofDevicess. The failure rate obtained on the life trial sample is so extrapolated to end-use fortunes by agencies of prearranged numerical theoretical accounts to give an appraisal of the failure rate in the field application. even though there are many other emphasis methods engaged by electronic assembly makers to to the full separate a merchandise s dependability, the informations generated from mental workal life trial sampling is the major method used by the production for gauging the failure rate of a electronic assembly in field service.bankruptcy regularize ( I )Measure of failure per unit of clip. The utile life failure rate is based on the exponential life distribution. The failure rate typically decreases somewhat over early life, so stabilizes until wear-out which shows an increase failure rate. This should happen beyond utile life. also-ran In Time ( FIT )Mea sure of failure rate in 109 device hours e. g. 1 FIT = 1 failure in 109 device hours.Entire Device Hours ( TDH )The summing up of the figure of units in operation multiplied by the clip of operation.Average Time between failures ( MTBF )Dependability is quantified as MTBF ( Average Time in the midst of Failures ) for repairable merchandise and MTTF ( Average Time To Failure ) for non-repairable merchandise. A right apprehension of MTBF is of import. A power supply with an MTBF of 40,000 hours does non intend that theN = Number of units under trial.If the MTBF is known, one can cipher the failure rate as the opposite of the MTBF. Theexpression for ( I ) iswhere R is the figure of failures.Once a MTBF is calculated, chance can reason out from following equationR ( T ) = e-t/MTBFConfidence Level or Limit ( CL )Probability degree at which population failure rate estimations are derived from sample life trial. The upper assurance degree legal separation is used.Acceleration Factor ( AF )A changeless derived from experimental informations which relates the times to failure at two various emphasiss. The AF allows extrapolation of failure rates from accelerated trial conditions to utilize conditions.Since dependability informations can be accumulated from a figure of different life trials with several different failure mechanisms, a all-inclusive failure rate is desired. The failure rate computation can be complicated if there are more than one failure mechanisms in a life trial, since the failure mechanisms are thermally trip at different rates. Equation 1 histories for these conditions and includes a statistical factor to obtain the assurance degree for the resulting failure rate.The Bathtub CurveThe life of a population of units can be divided into three distinguishable periods. Figure 1 showsthe dependability bathroom curve which theoretical accounts the cradle to sculpt instantaneous failurerates vs. clip. If we follow the incline from the first gear to where it begins to flatten out thiscan be considered the first period. The first period is characterized by a decrease failurerate. It is what occurs during the early life of a population of units. The weaker units dieoff go forthing a population that is more strict. This first period is besides called babymortality period. The following period is the level part of the graph. It is called the normallife. Failures occur more in a random sequence during this clip. It is hard to foretellwhich failure manner will attest, but the rate of failures is predictable. Notice thechangeless incline. The 3rd period begins at the point where the incline begins to increase andextends to the terminal of the graph. This is what happens when units become old and get down tofail at an increasing rate.Figure 2.1 bath bath curveReliability Predictions MethodsA batch of clip has been spent on developing processs for gauging dependability of electronic equipment. There are by and large two classs ( 1 ) anticipations based on single failure rates, and ( 2 ) demonstrate dependability based on operation of equipment over clip. Prediction methods are based on constituent informations from a assortment of beginnings failure analysis, life trial informations, and device natural philosophies. For some computations ( e.g. military application ) MIL-HDBK-217 is used, which is considered to be the standard dependability anticipation method.A simple failure rate computation based on a individual life trial would follow equation 1.Ii = failure rate.TDH = Total Device Hours = Number of units x hours under emphasis.AF = Acceleration factor,Since dependability informations can be accumulated from a figure of different life trials with several different failure mechanisms, a comprehensive failure rate is desired. The failure rate computation can be complicated if there are more than one failure mechanisms in a life trial, since the failure mechanisms are thermally activated at different rates. E quation 1 histories for these conditions and includes a statistical factor to obtain the assurance degree for the resulting failure ratewhere,I = failure rate in FITs ( Number fails in 109 device hours )I? = Number of distinguishable possible failure mechanismsK = Number of life trials being combined 11 = Number of failures for a given failure mechanism I = 1, 2, I?TDHj = Total device hours of trial clip for life trial J, J = 1, 2, KAFij = Acceleration factor for appropriate failure mechanism,I = 1, 2, KM = I2( I , 2r +2 ) / 2where,I2 = qi square factor for 2r + 2 grades of freedomR = entire figure of failures ( I? xi )I = hazard associated with CL between 0 and 1.2.2 SOLDER bedcoverRole Of Solder Paste In ReflowingSolder paste is a combination mixture of a flux composing and a extremely grinded, powdered solder metal metal that is usually used in the electronics industry to conjoin procedures. And besides it is call as a attachment fair between the device interconnectedness c haracteristics and the PCB itself. The constituents of a solder paste are oddly designed for first-class print and reflow features.In normal instance of the surface saddle horse soldering procedure involves puting the substrate and a little sum of solder paste in a printed circuit board. After that the system will be heated until the solder reflows, forms an electrical connexion between the solder tablet and the electrical contact of electronics portion. After this reflow finished it forms both an electrical and mechanical connexion between the electronics constituents and the printed circuit board.Selection Criteria Of A Solder PasteChoice of a solder paste is really of import factor for reflowing procedure, dependability & A its quality. The undermentioned factors are considerable for a good solder paste 6 .The size of the solder metal atoms which are in the solder pasteThe inclination to organize nothingnesssThe belongingss of the flux medium of the solder pasteAlpha atom em anation rateThe design of the stencil to be used for produceThermal belongingss of the solder pasteElectrical belongingss of the solder pasteChapter 03MATERIALS AND EXPERIMENT METHODOLOGY3.1SOLDER PasteThe inside informations of solder paste used in the experiment are given in the undermentioned tabular arrayPCB noAlloy1 & A 2Sn95.5Ag4Cu0.53 & A 4Sn42Bi57Ag1Table 3.1. types of solder paste used in experimentFor this undertaking all above solder paste should be in a container with appropriate labelling and designation on it to separate it from the Tin lead solder paste. The solder paste should be stored in a icebox between 35 45F. and should be allowed to come room temperature for minimal four hours before making the solder paste print. Once it has finished the utilizing solder paste must replace to the icebox since it can non be at room temperature over 24 hours. The self life of the lead free solder pastes may be cut downing from the typical six month.The above guidelines ar e purely followed in this undertaking. Because it is non merely for warrant the quality of solder paste but besides a good manner to cut down the mistakes that may impact the concluding consequences of the undertaking.3.2 SOLDER PASTE PrintingImportant of Solder Paste PrintingSurface mount design ( SMT ) is used extensively in the electronics industry. Surface saddle horse constituents are potentially more dependable merchandises can be designed and manufactured utilizing the SMT.The solder paste stencil publishing procedure is really critical and of import measure in the surface saddle horse manufacting procedure. Most of all the attach defects are due to jobs covering with the showing procedure. print printing procedures have major cautiousnesss in operation and put up stairss. When we are supervising these factors carefully we can minimise the defects.The chief intent of publishing solder paste on PCB is to provide solder metal to solder joint to rectify sum. That merely publi sh must be line up right and can acquire a perfect constituent arrangement.Printing Procedure ParametersSome of the undermentioned parametric quantities are really of import to publishing procedure.StencilStencils are utilizing for the solder paste slip easy off the aperture edges and thereby secures a unvarying print. For this procedure we utilizing electro formed stencils. Because of these stencils have really shape border and somewhat conelike. By and large a stencil is mading from cuppa or Ni.ENVIRONMENTALDust and soil from the air that will make the PCBs and stencils can be defects hapless wet ability in the reflow trammeling procedure. So PCBs should be stored in certain bundles and cleaned before usage.SOLDER PASTESolder paste characterise must be controlled to accomplish a maximal production consequences. Some of the factors are given below 12 .Percentage of metalViscositySlumpSolder balls state of flux activity working life and shelf lifeSolder Paste Printing Equipment and ProcessStencil printing parametric quantities are really of import factors in publishing procedures to accomplish a best output. The undermentioned parametric quantities must be proctors and controlled in a printing procedure.Squeegee force per unit area = 8kgSqueegee speed = 20 mm/sSeparation speed = 100 %Printing spread = 0.0 millimeterThese factors and bound can be adjust for our undertaking intentFigure 3.1 DEK 260 stencil printing railcarThe DEK 260 stencil printing machine is used to publish solder paste on the circuit board. This DEK 260 stencil printing machine has two chief maps.Registers the place of the merchandise screen with in the print caputPositioning the circuit board below the stencil, to cook for the print rhythm.The boards to be print are supported on magnetised tooling and held by vacuity caps arranged on the home base to vouch the board steady during the printing on to the board. The first measure of the experiment is to make the solder paste publishing o n to the board.Figure 3.2 Stencil printing by manusIn this undertaking unable to acquire metal stencil, so circuit boards are printed by manus, below process followed to publish PCBPut weights onto the stencil to repair itturn over the squeegee over the stencilsolder paste presses through the aperture onto PCBseparate stencilTwo circuit boards are printed with solder paste for each solder paste types. Wholly 4 circuit boards printed.Pick and PlaceComponent of PCB placed by quality and topographic point machine ( APS Gold-Place L20 ) . robotic weaponries are used to put surface-mount devices onto PCB. Pick and topographic point process as follow. pneumatic suction noses taken by caput of arm, so moved to feeder where the constituent is loaded. The suction nozzele picks it up utilizing vacuity, and moves to the arrangement location so centers the constituent with focus oning fingers. After justified aligned point, it places the constituent onto solder paste.Figure 3.3 APS Gold-Place L203.3 SOLDER PASTE REFLOWPROCESS & A PROFILEFigure 3.4 reflow ovenReflow procedure is really of import to accomplish a good dependable solder articulation. Novastar 2000 HT convectional reflow oven is used in research lab for the probe. When making the reflow procedure with lead free solder paste it has to be performed at a minimal peak temperature of 150.It is by and large accepted that lead free solders requires a higher reflow temperature up to 230 240.reflow oven has six warming zones and temperature reduction zone. ( Wu J.2000 )Reflow profile will be impacting the dependability of a solder articulation. Because it is a major factor that influence the formation of the intermettallic beds in a solder articulation. Intermettalic bed is a critical portion of a solder articulation. An intermettalic bond thickness should be thin. Therefore a good reflow profile must bring forth solder bumps with a thin intermetallic layer.. ( Zhang RR.2001 )PREHEAT ZONEIn this zone indicates how the temperature is altering fast on the printed circuit board. The ramp-up rate is normally between 1-3 per second. If this rate exceeds there will be harm to constituents from thermic daze. Merely In this preheat zone the solder paste begins to vaporize. So if the rise rate is excessively low the vaporization of flux is non uncomplete. This will impact the quality of the solder articulation.THERMAL SOAK ZONEIt is besides called the flux activation zone. In this thermic addict zone it will take 60-120 seconds for remotion of solder paste and activation of fluxes. Solder splatter and balling will be go on if the temperature is excessively high or excessively low. End of this thermic daze zone a thermic equilibrium will finish the full circuit board.REFLOW ZONEIn this reflow zone merely the maximal temperature will be reached. In this zone we have to see about the peak temperature that is the maximal allowable temperature of full procedure. It is really of import to supervise this ma ximal temperature exceeds the peak temperature in this zone. It may do harm to the internal dies of SMT constituents and a block to the growing of intermetalic bonds. we have to see the profile clip besides. If clip exceeds than the industries specification it besides affect the circuit board s quality.Cooling zoneIn the reflow procedure the last zone is chilling zone. A proper chilling inhabits extra intermetallic formation or thermic daze to the constituents. By and large the chilling zone temperature scope is 30 100.In this undertaking, the undermentioned temperature profiles were selected. This temperature profile is stranded reflow profile for lead free bonding.Zone 1 220Zone 2 180Zone 3 170Zone 4 190Zone5 233Zone 6 233Wholly 4 circuit boards were printed. Choosing of good reflow profile was non involves any defects or amendss in the printed circuit board.Figure 3.5 Reflow profileFigure 3.6 printed circuit board after reflowSET UP EVENT DETECTORFigure 3.7 Event sensorThe cons tructed PCB s were connected with event sensor by thread informations overseas telegram. Ribbon overseas telegram intercommunicate harmonizing to Analysis tech STD series event sensors manual . pins 1 to 32 map as beginning terminus and pins 33 to 37 map as land terminus.Figure 3.8 Ribbon overseas telegram pin referenceTo obtain closed cringle circuit to supervise the behavior of PCB constituents, PCB boards 1, 2, 3 and 4 connected to get 1,2,33 and 34 severally.Ribbon overseas telegramAfter connected thread overseas telegram with event sensor and environment chamber, carry are assigned in WIN DATA LOG package which supplied with event sensor.For this trial following scenes define for informations acquisition.Figure 3.9 set up trial informations in event sensor3.5 INVESTICATING RELIABILITY OF SOLDER JOINT chthonic VIBRATION CHAMERFigure 3.10 Design Environmental FS800-70SVIn this survey, PCB s were used in Variable Frequency Vibration Test to analyze the dynamic response of P CB assembly subjected to random quiver burden. The PCB specimens were tested at different acceleration degrees to measure the solder articulation dependability subjected changing G-level quiver tonss ( G is the gravitative acceleration ) , severally. Vibration trials were accomplished by utilizing an electro dynamic Shaker ( Design Environmental FS800-70SV ) and event sensor. One accelerometer was used to find the dynamic response of the specimen, Daisy concatenation cringles were monitored at the same time by an Event Detector during quiver trial. Any foeman alteration transcending a preset threshold with minimal continuance of 200ns can be detected by the Event Detector. When a cleft is initiated in the solder articulation during the quiver trial, the opposition will increase. The failure standards recommended by IPC 785 criterion is defined as daisy concatenation opposition by thermic or mechanical transients or perturbations in the signifier of short continuance ( 1 Asec ) hi gh opposition spikes ( & gt 300 a ) . During thermic alterations the solder articulations are capable to shear, non tensile, lading hence, recess surfaces of fractured solder articulations slide relative to each other bring forthing the characteristic short continuance intermittent. Therefore, in this context, the practical definition of solder joint failure is the break of electrical continuity ( & gt 300 ohms ) for periods greater than 1 microsecond.Figure 3.11 PCB s was mounted inside the Environment chamber in this mode.Figure 3.12 above tabular array exemplifying trial program.Figure 3.13 Trial programFigure 3.14 graphs obtained from chamberChapter 4ConsequencePCB boardFailure rate ( % )Operation clip ( hours )Dependability124.050263.013.04031.60.33050.589342.50.50830.2806Table 4.1 dependability of solder pasteThe proving began with 1 GRMS. The intent of this to observe any gross issues in solder articulations, every bit good as with the informations acquisition system. No failures were detected at beginning, nevertheless, after 1.5GRMS an review revealed that both PCBs 3 and 4 were failed. Following, quiver degrees were stepped bit by bit to 6GRMS increases over the period of five hours PCB 1 got failed, In 13.04 hr s period the chamber reached degree of about 14GRMS, staying PCB besides got failed. However, the failure mechanism was attributed to a quiver moving on the solder connexion particular to these parts and was straight related to thermic mistakes.Failure rateTime elapsedAbove graph illustrating failure rate vs. Time elapsed for Sn42Bi57Ag1Failure rateTime elapsedAbove graph illustrating failure rate vs. Time elapsed for Sn95.5Ag4Cu0.5Chapter 5RESULT ANALYSISFrom dependability analysis sample 3 has maximum dependability and sample 2 has minimum dependability. Each sample was subjected to nominal supply current and opposition value in conformity with the design and public presentation specification. Respective trial samples continued to vibra te with some public presentation abnormalities observed. The aim of this experiment was to utilize HALT quiver to set up the relationship between the life of similar parts soldered with different solder composings.The consequences proved inconclusive for the primary intent of Sn95.5Ag4Cu0.5 versus Sn42Bi57Ag1 articulation random quiver trial. Both composings demonstrated weak public presentation and the consequences may propose that with regard to this brief random quiver trial, solder articulation dependability is different between the two composings. No samples were separated from the trial vehicle as a consequence of the quiver applied.However, the trial procedure revealed insight into HALT and suggested factors which can impact consequences when soldered constituents are being compared.First, Printed circuit board kineticss would be understood and controlled so that acceleration hot musca volitanss and nothings are made more equal in amplitude. A flexible PCB will debar and bring forth bending emphasiss suited for measuring emphasis on solder articulations. But with a flexible board acceleration uniformity become hard to command and do a comparing trial less nonsubjective. Second, HALT random quiver is a good methodological analysis for bring forthing multi-axis wide spectrum zip for PCBs and their constituents. ( Wu J.2000 )The typical method to analyze the functionality of a PCB in a quiver environment is to verify the quiver transmissibility. Normally the transmissibility at any location of PCB should be less than a factor of 10, i.e. , 1 G input will non bring forth more than 10 G end product at any location of the PCB. To accomplish this end, two methods can be applied to the PCB design. One is to restrain the PCB tightly to the fixture, which can be realized by bettering the boundary conditions in the finite office analysis theoretical account. The other is to relocate heavy affiliated constituents of the PCB board to allow optimum locations ( i.e. , mass re-distribution ) . ( Wu J.2000 )Lead free solder assemblies have quickly been promote in the micro-packaging development to forestall the environmental pollution, issues on the dependability has non been clearly solved. Several experiments have been conducted on the soundness of alternate lead free soldering technique such as Sn-Ag-Cu solder. During the bumping procedure, a considerable thermic distortion is occurred and the chemical features of solder and bed qualities are besides changed in agreement with the surface completing method such as ET ( electric Sn ) , ENEPIG ( electro less nickel, electro less Pd and submergence gold ) etc. The IMC ( intermetallic compound ) bed is formed in a micro-scale part between the solder and the surface completing stuff under high temperature adhering procedure. In the field of micro-packaging together with IMC bed, one of the most hard issues is to mensurate width interface beds in a solder articulations. Since the IMC beds have b een estimated as the weakest subdivision in the solder articulations, a accurate finding of mechanical belongingss in the country of this critical part may supply direct and enhanced information to understand the break behavior. a? . ( Zhang RR.2001 )stringency of mounting run down of PCB reduced during experiment. Due to this consequence the PCB stated to vibrate freely. Applied quiver force was non shared uniformly. From finite component analysis alterations in stringency of mountin bolt can be realize.Chapter 6DecisionThe decisions ensuing from this work are.Interactions between temperature and quiver were found important and thence had influence on concluding consequence.Stencil printing by manus affect the solder joint dependability.Better apprehension gained about electronic assembly behaviors when subjected to quiver.Gained cognition about electronic assembly procedure and how it is act uponing in solder articulation dependability.Gained good experience in managing event se nsor and environmental proving chamber.Chapter 7FUTURE WORKSIn this undertaking investigated the consequence of quiver of solder articulation dependability in electronic assembly. For this probe two different types solder paste used, eventually all specimens were tested in environmental Chamber.In this undertaking when making quiver trial informations acquired by event sensor is non accurate value. From informations obtained from event sensor does non give proper analytical consequence.In sing about the hereafter works of this undertaking can be expand based on acquirable informations type, every bit good as finite component analysis because dependability of a solder articulation depends on assorted environmental factors, so result analysis will be more accurate and stand with more international criterions.