Vital Records of Birth, Marriage and Death in France

Civil registration of births, deaths, and marriages in France began in 1792. Because these records cover the entire population, are easily accessible and indexed, and include people of all denominations, they are a vital resource for French genealogy research. The information presented varies by locality and time period but often includes the individuals date and place of birth and the names of the parents and/or spouse. One additional bonus of French civil records  is that birth records often include what is known as margin entries, handwritten notes made in the side margin, which can lead to additional records. From 1897, these margin entries will often include marriage information (date and location). Divorces are generally noted from 1939, deaths from 1945, and legal separations from 1958. The best part of French civil registration records, however, is that so many of them are now available online. Records of civil registration are typically held in registries in the local mairie (town hall), with copies deposited each year with the local magistrates court. Records over 100 years old are placed in the Archives Dà ©partementales (series E) and are available for public consultation. It is possible to obtain access to the more recent records, but they are not usually not available online due to privacy restrictions, and you will generally be required to prove, through the use of birth certificates, your direct descent from the person in question. Many Departmental Archives have placed portions of their holdings online, often beginning with the actes detat civils (civil records). Unfortunately, online access to the indexes and digital images has been restricted to events older than  120 years by the Commission nationale de linformatique et des libertà ©s (CNIL). How to Locate French Civil Registration Records Locate the Town/CommuneThe important first step is to identify and approximate date of a birth, marriage, or death, and the city or town in France in which it occurred. Generally knowing just the department or region of France is not enough, although there are some cases such as the Tables darrondissement de Versailles which indexes the actes dà ©tat civil across 114 communes (1843-1892) in the Yvelines department. Most civil registration records, however, are accessible only by knowing the town — unless, that is, you have the patience to wade page by page through the records of dozens if not hundreds of different communes. Identify the DepartmentOnce you have identified the town, the next step is to identify the department that now holds those records by locating the town (commune) on a map, or using an Internet search such as lutzelhouse department france.  In large cities, such as Nice or Paris, there may be many civil registration districts, so unless you can identify the approximate location within the city where they lived, you may have no choice but to browse through the records of multiple registration districts. With this information, next locate the online holdings of the Archives Dà ©partementales for your ancestors commune, by either consulting an online directory such as French Genealogy Records Online, or use your favorite search engine, to search for the name of the archives (e.g. bas rhin archives) plus etat civil. Tables Annuelles and Tables Dà ©cennalesIf the civil registers are available online through the departmental archives, there will generally be a function to search or browse to the correct commune. If the year of the event is known, then you can then browse directly to the register for that year, and then turn to the back of the register for the tables annuelles, an alphabetical listing of names and dates, organized by event type — birth (naissance), marriage (mariage), and death (dà ©cà ¨s), along with the entry number (not page number). If you are not sure of the exact year of the event, then look for a link to the Tables Dà ©cennales, often referred to as the TD. These ten-year indexes list all names in each event category alphabetically, or grouped by the first letter of the last name, and then chronologically by the date of the event. With the information from the tables dà ©cennales you can then access the register for that particular year and browse directly to the portion of the register for the event in question, and then chronologically to the date of the event. What to Expect Most French civil registers of birth, marriage, and death are written in French, though this doesnt present a great difficulty to non-French speaking researchers as the format is basically the same for most records. All you need to do is learn a few basic French words (e.g.  naissancebirth) and you can read pretty much any French civil register. This French Genealogical Word List includes most of the common genealogy terms in English, along with their French equivalents. The exception is the localities that at some point in history were under the control of a different government. In Alsace-Lorraine, for example, some civil registers are in German. In Nice and Corse, some are in Italian.

The Nightmare of Prohibition Essay - 1690 Words

On midnight of January 16, 1920, American went dry. One of the personal habits and everyday practices of most Americans suddenly diminished. The Eighteenth Amendment was passed, and all importing, exporting, transporting, selling, and manufacturing of intoxicating liquor was put to an end. The Congress passed the Amendment on January 16,1919, but it only went into effect a year later. The Volstead Act was passed with the Eighteenth Amendment on October 23, 1919. The Act was named after Andrew Volstead, a Republican representative from Minnesota. The Volstead Act, also known as the National Prohibition Act, determined intoxicating liquor as anything having an alcoholic content of more than 0.5 percent, excluding alcohol used†¦show more content†¦The speak-easy era was pretty outrageous, according to 20s jazz singer Hoagy Carmicheal. A bang of bad booze, flappers with bare legs, jangled morals and wild weekends is what how he described it (Pick, 1:4). By 1925, there were over 100,000 speak-easies in New York City alone (Thornton, 5). Furthermore, the illegal liquor business fell under the control of organized gangs, which overpowered most of the authorities. Many bootleggers secured their business by bribing the authorities, namely federal agents and persons of high political status. Mob bosses opened plush nightclubs with exotic floor shows and the hottest bands. It was as if Prohibition was a joke in the United States. People were drinking more than ever, and more people were dying from alcohol-related diseases (Pick, 5). Resulting from the lack of enforcement of the Prohibition Act and the creation of an illegal industry, there was an increase in crime. Prohibitionists expected the Volstead Act to decrease intoxication in America, and then the crime rate would decrease. At the start of Prohibition this purpose seemed to be fulfilled, but the crime rate soon skyrocketed to nearly twice that of the pre-prohibition period. In large cities the homicide went from 5.6 (per 100,000 population) in the pre-prohibition period, to nearly 10 (per 100,000 population) during prohibition, nearly a 78 percent increase (Stack, 2). Serious crimes, such as homicides, assault, and battery, increased nearlyShow MoreRelatedâ€Å"The American Dream has become a death sentence of drudgery, consumerism, and fatalism: a garage800 Words   |  4 PagesIn both This Side of Paradise and This Beautiful and Damned, F. Scott Fitzgerald comments on the corruption of the American Dream. Throughout the beautiful text and prose of his first and second novels, respectively, Fitzgerald mocks the ghastly nightmare the American ‘Dream’ has become. 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Financial Reporting Problem for Billabong International Ltd

Question: Discuss about theFinancial Reporting Problem for Billabong International Ltd. Answer: By considering corporate governance section of Billabong International Ltd, it can be noticed that all the guidelines provided by ASX have been satisfied. Corporate governance section has been prepared by the company on the basis of amended principles given by ASX. The company had given their detail description of their management strategies that how they are complying with the Australian regulations in their corporate practices. Each director and the managerial person have defined responsibility to ensure that interest of the company is not affected in an adverse manner (Corporate Governance Statement Billabong International Limited, 2017). To ensure equality, standard Workplace Equity and Diversity Policy is described which is strictly complied by each worker by considering a global code of conduct. The company is providing fair remuneration to their workers and directors by describing Group Remuneration Policy on the website of the company. In addition to this, the company had als o provided clarification that remuneration plans cannot consider any transactions which will lead to limitation of economic risk of options or other unvested entitlements. Further, the company had provided assurance of Safeguard integrity in corporate reporting by describing Audit Risk Committee and its members (Beekes, Brown and Zhang, 2015). For maintaining transparency and keeping stakeholders informed, company is providing timely disclosure on the basis of ASX Listing Rules. In order to ensure going concern, the effective internal control system is developed which has a primary objective to recognise and managing risk. By considering the aspect of social accountability, requirement of commitment is necessary for continuous development in environmental sustainability. It belongs to an area in which returns are exceptionally fluid; it results in the increasing speed of environmental awareness (De Zwart, 2015). Individual initiatives are taken by the billabong, which ultimately results in the benefit of the environment, including support for environment groups, beginning of recycling programmers, using economic friendly fabrics and fibres rather than hazardous plastic packaging material. In Billabong International Limited, duty and responsibility for the environment increases within the range of board of directors of a company. In separation, each and every project has its own benefits. The company is occupied in the audit firm and evaluates the footprints of changing impact of non-financial aspects like sustainability, corporate governance by making use of models triple bottom line (Sustainability En vironment- Billabong Biz, 2017). By considering above-described aspects, it can be said that company shows a good example of sustainability reporting as the company had provided a viable description of non-financial factors. This approach assists stakeholders in having a better understanding of the company. References Beekes, W., Brown, P. and Zhang, Q., 2015. Corporate governance and the informativeness of disclosures in Australia: a re?examination. Accounting Finance, 55(4), pp.931-963. Corporate Governance Statement Billabong International Limited. 2017. [Online]. Available through phx.corporate-ir.net/External.File?item...t=1cb=635762278197230266. [Accessed on 27th May 2017]. De Zwart, F., 2015. Enhancing Firm Sustainability through Governance: The Relational Corporate Governance Approach. Edward Elgar Publishing. Sustainability Environment- Billabong Biz. 2017. [Online]. Available through www.billabongbiz.com/phoenix.zhtml?c=154279p=environment. [Accessed on 27th May 2017].

Renewable Energy free essay sample

Renewable Energy BY frappe04927 Non renewable energy sources are becoming harder to find and with that being said, these resources are more expensive. So what will we do when these resources are no longer here on earth for use to use? Many people are looking for and testing new forms of materials that we can use for energy. These sources are called renewable energy sources. Throughout the paper you will read about non renewable energy sources and the small supply that we have left, humans influences on theses non renewable resources and what some are trying to do to make new forms of energy. Energy Conservation Plan Energy conservation is becoming a great issue. We are using up the forms of non renewable energy sources that we have depended on for so long. Some types of non renewable energy resources are oil, coal, natural gas and nuclear. These forms of energy come from the ground. We will write a custom essay sample on Renewable Energy or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Many people take these forms of energy for granted, maybe thinking that these forms of energy would always be here for us to use. But since we are finding out that non renewable energy resources are becoming harder to find, we are now taking action to find or make new forms of energy. Many people take energy for granted. They do not think about running out of energy. But this is a very real problem, and running out of non renewable energy could happen. Humans are the reason that there are damages to our planet and also for the non renewable resources drying up. Over population of the human race is one of the biggest factors that are causing the disappearance of reserves and resources. James Leape, director general of WWF international stated that Reckless consumption is endangering our future prosperity. He also states that by the year 030 we will need the equivalent of two planets in order to continue to live the way we are living now. You can tell by this that energy conservation is a real issue that we need to face now. Humans are affected by this problem and things are only going to get worse. So why is it that with humans being affected by this we do not do something to make a difference? I believe it to be that most humans do not really understand what we ar e doing and the damages of what we are doing. By 2025 people will be experiencing physical scarcity and will not have enough water to live, says Morne du Plessis, CEO of WWF-SA. There are many non living things that contribute to the use of energy consumption. Many of these things are found in our households, starting with space conditioning at 44%, water heating at 13%, Lighting at 12%, Refridgeration at 8%, Home electronics at 6%, Laundry Appliances at 5%, Kitchen Appliances at 4% and other uses at 8%. These are all things that people have made to live better. But what many people do not think about is that these items that we are using are greatly affecting the conservation of energy. So, yes man made products do play a big role in the use of energy. The percents above are based on an average household usage. Now add up all ot the household usage in America, and that would snow a shocking and devastating number. Most of the humans actions that are done to this world are negative. People take too much for granted out of life. Energy conservation is one of those things. People are in the mind set that we will always have everything that we will always need. There are not enough people that fully understand the problems that we are facing or even what we can do to help with this problem. Therefore not to many people put in the ffort to make the changes needed to do this. But on the other hand, there are people that do understand the energy crisis and are working hard to find and use new means that we can use for energy. This is the positive part of the energy situation, people with the knowledge of the energy problem that are trying to make small changes, in which individuals can do and the larger corporations that are trying to find and use new renewable resources to help with the energy problem. Recycling is one of the biggest ways to help with trying to better our planet. This ives people a chance to reuse materials that otherwise would be sitting in landfills. Also there are people that are trying to use waste as a form of energy. There are also products such as bio fuel that is taken from animal oils and vegetable oils that we are now being able to use as fuel in vehicles. Tom Capehart stated in November 2008 that there are increased benefits to using biodiesel because it is made from low cost, diverse, non food feed stocks. Who knows, maybe in the future we might be able to use this form of fuel for another type of energy. I feel that by making people more ware of the problem then more people will get involved. Another way to help with sustainability is to reduce the consumption of natural resources and materials. As with anything we can maybe end up using all of the renewable materials that can make up a new form of energy. One other way would be to maximize energy efficiency. This might be a great way to help with the energy situation, as said by Rick Parks and Kip Grubb, September 2005. As for my sustainability plan, one of the first things that would need to be addressed would be that we are in an energy crisis. I would want to maybe travel the country preading the word of the damages that we are doing to our world and get people informed on the topic. I would want to try to get as many people involved in the support to conserve energy. To get this plan started, I would first start telling people and groups that I would be traveling to spread the information on energy conservation and what the future could hold for use if we do not make the much needed changes. I would want the word to get out about this issue. Second of all I would do some time of fund raiser at each stop I made to raise money for research for other forms of energy. Lastly I would travel the country talking to audiences about the damages that we have done to our planet and what we can do to help fix some of the mess that we have made. I would also offer information that people could take with them after the meetings so that they could read up on more information on the energy crisis. I would ask tor sponsors or ditterent groups to help suppo t rt ne cause and some ot the funding for materials and the traveling to get the word out on this issue. As far as when I would do these meetings, well I would contact schools and energy sellers and ny other type of large group that I could schedule a meeting with. I would try and set the meetings up two weeks apart so that I could allow time for travel and depending where the location was. I would set out at first on a six month tour and try to reach as many people as I could my state. If all went well with that, I would continue on to another state and another after that. Time would vary from place to place, but dedication plays a big part in getting something done about a very real problem. I believe that the benefits of my plan would be getting the information out to people hat do not know much about this problem or that are not aware of it at all. I think that by doing this, this might give people the push that they might need to start to help make a difference in their everyday lives. Some of the challenges that I may face could be the disregard of the information by some. People are used to living the way they have always lived. Sometimes it is hard for some people to make changes. People may also feel that this is not as bid of a problem or that it is not affecting them right now, so why worry about it. Another roblem that I could face is that maybe I might not get much funding or not enough places that would like for me to speak at. This would be hard to get information out to people and to get more people to help with energy conservation. I think that if the government, society and with global support we would start to see some big changes. The government alone has a lot of pull and influences on what people in society do. If the government did more to get information out to people about the energy crisis that we are facing and gave people ways to help with this roblem, I think that would influence many people to change the way the live to help with the energy problem. If society was more informed on the issue, then I also believe that many would try and do their part to help as well. As for globally, if the whole world were to pitch in and help get the word out about energy conservation, then I strongly feel that we would see some very good changes. Conclusion We are in an energy crisis, which is a very big problem. People need to become more aware of this problem and try to do their part to help preserve the non renewable esources that we still have left and to also help the environment by recycling and watching the energy use at home and in the car. One person can only do so much, and we may never see a difference from one person making that change. But if several people started making changes to their life styles, then there is a big possibility that we could start to see a big difference. This is an issue that everyone needs to know about and take seriously. If we do nothing, what will happen to mankind as we know it? What will we allow are childrens tutures to not take action now? ke it we do